In 1963, Hawking was diagnosed with an early-onset slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease (MND also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis "ALS" or Lou Gehrig's disease) that gradually paralysed him over the decades. In 2002, Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. Hawking was a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. His book A Brief History of Time appeared on the British Sunday Times best-seller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.
Hawking achieved commercial success with several works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general. He was a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. His scientific works included a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 19. Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge at the time of his death.
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